Caracterização da força e da função muscular nas disferlinopatias em amostra brasileira / Characterization of muscle strength and function in dysferlinopathy in a Brazilian sample

Estudo de caracterização da força e da função muscular nas disferlinopatias para estabelecer biomarcadores de habilidades motoras com amostra de 40 pacientes, tendo sido avaliados força muscular (Medical Research Council - MRC), percentual de MRC, tempo de execução para deambular e escores nas Escalas de Vignos, Egen Klassifikation, Avaliação Funcional para Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (FES-DMD) e North Star Ambulatory Assessment adaptada. Prevalência da disferlinopatia de 25,5% na amostra total de distrofias (1340), idade média de 36,5 anos, 52,5% do sexo masculino e 75% deambuladores. Músculos mais fracos: abdominal, glúteos, íliopsoas, isquiotibial, quadríceps femoral, tibial anterior e deltoide médio. Correlação forte entre MRC e tempo para deambular (r = 0,77) e, muito forte da MRC distal de membros inferiores com aNSAA (r = 0,90). Interação da MRC dos membros superiores e inferiores nos segmentos proximal e distal (p < 0,001), sendo mais evidente em membros superiores que inferiores. Taxa variável de progressão da doença com 60% dos pacientes moderadamente ou gravemente afetados, com mais de 12 anos de doença. Estudo mostra que padrão de fraqueza muscular dos brasileiros com disferlinopatia é proximal e distal dos MMII, com comprometimento associado da região proximal dos MMSS, além de elucidar as habilidades motoras em relação ao processo de locomoção e disfunções cardiorrespiratórias. (AU).

Percepção de saúde, mobilidade e humor de mulheres participantes de caminhada em imersão / Perception of health, mobility and mood of women participating in immersion walk

Estudos têm demonstrado que exercícios realizados em meio aquático produzem benefícios diversos para mulheres. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a percepção subjetiva de saúde, mobilidade e humor de mulheres quinquagenárias saudáveis e sedentárias em decorrência de participação em programa de caminhada em imersão. Participaram 59 mulheres entre 50 e 59 anos, distribuídas em grupos de 10 a 12 pessoas. A atividade foi desenvolvida em piscina aquecida 2 vezes por semana, por 30 minutos, durante 12 meses. O programa foi dividido em 4 etapas de 3 meses com 5 tempos de avaliação. Para a avaliação subjetiva sobre o estado de saúde, mobilidade e humor, utilizou-se uma escala numérica de 0 a 10. Breve relato sobre os principais efeitos do programa também foi analisado em seu conteúdo. Observou-se melhora na percepção de saúde (p < 0,001), na mobilidade (p < 0,001) e no humor (p = 0,003). Na análise de conteúdo, 49,4% dos relatos relacionaram-se com a melhora da saúde; 22,9% com a autoestima e satisfação e 19,3% com a capacidade física. O estudo reforça a necessidade deste tipo de prática para a saúde integral da mulher de "meia idade" como medida preventiva do processo de envelhecimento saudável. (AU)

Balance as an Additional Effect of Strength and Flexibility Aquatic Training in Sedentary Lifestyle Elderly Women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the additional effects of on balance an aquatic muscle strengthening and flexibility training program in healthy sedentary lifestyle elderly women. METHOD: This controlled clinical trial included 56 healthy sedentary women, aged from 65 to 70 years, divided into two groups. The aquatic group (AG) underwent aquatic training (45 minutes/session, 32 sessions), and the control group (CG) received no intervention. Data were collected pre- and post-intervention, during a one-week period. Lower limb muscle strength was measured by a force sensor (myometer). Flexibility was measured by biophotogrammetry. Functional balance was evaluated by the Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). RESULTS: Muscle strength, flexibility, and balance improved in AG (p < 0.001), but not in CG. CONCLUSION: The aquatic exercises program, which was originally developed to promote muscle strength and flexibility, also improved functional balance. Aquatic training is an option for physical health promotion for sedentary lifestyle elderly women.

Functional performance and muscular strength in symptomatic female carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy / Desempenho funcional e força muscular em portadoras sintomáticas de distrofia muscular de Duchenne

Abstract Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) usually affects men. However, women are also affected in rare instances. Approximately 8% of female DMD carriers have muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy. The early identification of functional and motor impairments can support clinical decision making. Objective: To investigate the motor and functional impairments of 10 female patients with dystrophinopathy diagnosed with clinical, pathological, genetic and immunohistochemical studies. Methods: A descriptive study of a sample of symptomatic female carriers of DMD mutations. The studied variables were muscular strength and functional performance. Results: The prevalence was 10/118 (8.4%) symptomatic female carriers. Deletions were found in seven patients. The age of onset of symptoms in female carriers of DMD was quite variable. Pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles, muscular weakness, compensatory movements and longer timed performance on functional tasks were observed in most of the cases. Differently from males with DMD, seven female patients showed asymmetrical muscular weakness. The asymmetric presentation of muscle weakness was frequent and affected posture and functionality in some cases. The functional performance presents greater number of compensatory movements. Time of execution of activities was not a good biomarker of functionality for this population, because it does not change in the same proportion as the number of movement compensations. Conclusion: Clinical manifestation of asymmetrical muscle weakness and compensatory movements, or both can be found in female carriers of DMD mutations, which can adversely affect posture and functional performance of these patients.

Resumo A distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) geralmente afeta indivíduos do sexo masculino. No entanto, mulheres também são acometidas em casos raros. Aproximadamente 8% das portadoras de DMD têm fraqueza muscular ou cardiomiopatia. A identificação precoce das alterações funcionais e motoras pode alterar a tomada de decisão clínica. Objetivo: Investigar as deficiências motoras e funcionais de 10 pacientes do sexo feminino com distrofinopatia diagnosticada por estudos clínicos, patológicos, genéticos e imuno-histoquímicos. Método: Estudo descritivo de uma amostra de portadoras sintomáticas de mutações DMD. As variáveis estudadas foram força muscular e desempenho funcional. Resultados: A prevalência foi de 10/118 (8,4%) de portadoras sintomáticas de DMD. Foram encontradas deleções em sete pacientes. A idade de início dos sintomas em portadoras de DMD foi variável. Pseudo-hipertrofia de panturrilhas, movimentos compensatórios, fraqueza muscular e aumento no tempo de execução de tarefas funcionais foram observados na maioria dos casos. Diferentemente dos homens com DMD, sete pacientes apresentaram fraqueza muscular assimétrica. A apresentação assimétrica da fraqueza muscular foi frequente, podendo afetar a postura e a funcionalidade. O desempenho funcional geralmente apresenta aumento no número de movimentos compensatórios. Não podemos sempre considerar o tempo como um bom marcador de funcionalidade para essa população, uma vez que não muda na mesma proporção que o número de compensações em todas essas pacientes. Conclusão: Fraqueza muscular assimétrica e movimentos compensatórios, ou ambos, podem ser encontrados em portadoras sintomáticas de DMD, o que pode afetar a postura e a funcionalidade dessas pacientes.

Functional performance and muscular strength in symptomatic female carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) usually affects men. However, women are also affected in rare instances. Approximately 8% of female DMD carriers have muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy. The early identification of functional and motor impairments can support clinical decision making. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the motor and functional impairments of 10 female patients with dystrophinopathy diagnosed with clinical, pathological, genetic and immunohistochemical studies. METHODS: A descriptive study of a sample of symptomatic female carriers of DMD mutations. The studied variables were muscular strength and functional performance. RESULTS: The prevalence was 10/118 (8.4%) symptomatic female carriers. Deletions were found in seven patients. The age of onset of symptoms in female carriers of DMD was quite variable. Pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles, muscular weakness, compensatory movements and longer timed performance on functional tasks were observed in most of the cases. Differently from males with DMD, seven female patients showed asymmetrical muscular weakness. The asymmetric presentation of muscle weakness was frequent and affected posture and functionality in some cases. The functional performance presents greater number of compensatory movements. Time of execution of activities was not a good biomarker of functionality for this population, because it does not change in the same proportion as the number of movement compensations. CONCLUSION: Clinical manifestation of asymmetrical muscle weakness and compensatory movements, or both can be found in female carriers of DMD mutations, which can adversely affect posture and functional performance of these patients.

Timed immersion expiration measures in patients with muscular dystrophies.

INTRODUCTION: Muscular dystrophies (MD) cause muscle weakness, affecting motor and respiratory functions. Aquatic activities maintain strength and ventilatory function and may require immersion expiration control. OBJECTIVES: (1) To describe the evolution of timed immersion expiration in patients with MD in one-year follow-up. (2) to describe motor and respiratory outcomes in one-year follow-up. (3) to investigate possible relationships between timed immersion expiration and age, motor and respiratory functions. METHOD: Fifty-seven patients with MD (12-35 years, Vignos scale 2-8) were evaluated twice, with one-year interval. Immersion expiration control was timed with a chronometer. Motor function was assessed by Motor Function Measure. The respiratory function was evaluated by spirometry. Analysis of variance compared assessments and Pearson tests investigated relationships between variables and age. RESULTS: Motor and respiratory functions decreased (p < 0.001) but timed immersion expiration was maintained. Timed immersion expiration was not correlated to motor and respiratory functions. CONCLUSION: As patients maintained timed immersion expiration in the one-year follow-up, aquatic therapy might be a facilitator for people with MD.

Cognitive performance of children with spinal muscular atrophy: A systematic review.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is genetic and progressive, caused by large bi-allelic deletions in the SMN1 gene, or the association of a large deletion and a null variant. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evidence about cognitive outcomes in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). METHODS: Searches on the PUBMED/Medline, Web of Knowledge and Scielo databases retrieved 26 studies (1989 to 2019, descriptors "spinal muscular atrophy" and "cognition"). Nine studies were selected according to the eligibility criteria: (1) cognition tested in individuals with SMA; (2) written in English or Spanish. The Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions was used to describe design, bias, participants, evaluation protocol and main findings. This study was registered on the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). RESULTS: Three studies described normal cognition. In another three studies, cognitive outcomes were above average. Cognitive impairment was found in three studies. Poor cognitive performance was more frequently reported in studies that were recent, included children with SMA type I and that employed visual/auditory attention and executive function tests. Protocols and cognitive domains varied, precluding metanalysis. CONCLUSION: The severity of motor impairment may be related to cognitive outcomes: studies that included a higher number/percentage of children with SMA type I found cognitive impairment. The establishment of gold-standard protocols is necessary. Further studies should compare the cognitive outcomes of subjects with SMA types I to IV.

A atrofia muscular espinhal (SMA) é genética e progressiva, causada por grandes deleções bi-alélicas no gene SMN1, ou pela associação de uma grande deleção e uma variante nula. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as evidências sobre o desempenho cognitivo na atrofia muscular espinhal (AME). MÉTODOS: Pesquisas nas bases de dados PUBMED/ Medline, Web of Knowledge e Scielo localizaram 26 estudos (1989 a 2019, descritores "atrofia muscular espinhal" e "cognição"). Nove estudos foram selecionados de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade: (1) testaram a cognição em pessoas com AME; (2) escritos em inglês/espanhol. A avaliação do risco de viés em estudos com intervenções não-randomizadas foi utilizada para descrever o desenho experimental, viés, amostra, protocolo de avaliação e principais achados. Este estudo foi aprovado no Registro Internacional Prospectivo de Revisões Sistemáticas (PROSPERO). RESULTADOS: Em três estudos, foi registrado que a cognição estava preservada. Em três estudos, o desempenho cognitivo estava acima da média. O comprometimento cognitivo foi encontrado em três estudos. Desempenho cognitivo pobre foi mais frequentemente relatado em estudos recentes, estudos que incluíram crianças com AME tipo I e estudos que incluíram atenção visual/auditiva e testes de função executiva. Protocolos e domínios cognitivos variaram muito, portanto não foi possível a realização de metanálise. CONCLUSÃO: A gravidade do comprometimento motor pode estar relacionada ao desempenho cognitivo: estudos que incluíram maior número/porcentagem de crianças com AME tipo I encontraram alterações no desempenho cognitivo. O estabelecimento de protocolos padrão-ouro é necessário. Novos estudos devem comparar o desempenho cognitivo de pessoas com AME tipos I a IV, ou seja, com diferenças no prognóstico e no desempenho motor.

Cognitive performance of children with spinal muscular atrophy: A systematic review / Desempenho cognitivo de crianças com atrofia muscular espinhal: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is genetic and progressive, caused by large bi-allelic deletions in the SMN1 gene, or the association of a large deletion and a null variant. Objective: To evaluate the evidence about cognitive outcomes in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Methods: Searches on the PUBMED/Medline, Web of Knowledge and Scielo databases retrieved 26 studies (1989 to 2019, descriptors "spinal muscular atrophy" and "cognition"). Nine studies were selected according to the eligibility criteria: (1) cognition tested in individuals with SMA; (2) written in English or Spanish. The Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions was used to describe design, bias, participants, evaluation protocol and main findings. This study was registered on the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). Results: Three studies described normal cognition. In another three studies, cognitive outcomes were above average. Cognitive impairment was found in three studies. Poor cognitive performance was more frequently reported in studies that were recent, included children with SMA type I and that employed visual/auditory attention and executive function tests. Protocols and cognitive domains varied, precluding metanalysis. Conclusion: The severity of motor impairment may be related to cognitive outcomes: studies that included a higher number/percentage of children with SMA type I found cognitive impairment. The establishment of gold-standard protocols is necessary. Further studies should compare the cognitive outcomes of subjects with SMA types I to IV.

RESUMO A atrofia muscular espinhal (SMA) é genética e progressiva, causada por grandes deleções bi-alélicas no gene SMN1, ou pela associação de uma grande deleção e uma variante nula. Objetivo: Avaliar as evidências sobre o desempenho cognitivo na atrofia muscular espinhal (AME). Métodos: Pesquisas nas bases de dados PUBMED/ Medline, Web of Knowledge e Scielo localizaram 26 estudos (1989 a 2019, descritores "atrofia muscular espinhal" e "cognição"). Nove estudos foram selecionados de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade: (1) testaram a cognição em pessoas com AME; (2) escritos em inglês/espanhol. A avaliação do risco de viés em estudos com intervenções não-randomizadas foi utilizada para descrever o desenho experimental, viés, amostra, protocolo de avaliação e principais achados. Este estudo foi aprovado no Registro Internacional Prospectivo de Revisões Sistemáticas (PROSPERO). Resultados: Em três estudos, foi registrado que a cognição estava preservada. Em três estudos, o desempenho cognitivo estava acima da média. O comprometimento cognitivo foi encontrado em três estudos. Desempenho cognitivo pobre foi mais frequentemente relatado em estudos recentes, estudos que incluíram crianças com AME tipo I e estudos que incluíram atenção visual/auditiva e testes de função executiva. Protocolos e domínios cognitivos variaram muito, portanto não foi possível a realização de metanálise. Conclusão: A gravidade do comprometimento motor pode estar relacionada ao desempenho cognitivo: estudos que incluíram maior número/porcentagem de crianças com AME tipo I encontraram alterações no desempenho cognitivo. O estabelecimento de protocolos padrão-ouro é necessário. Novos estudos devem comparar o desempenho cognitivo de pessoas com AME tipos I a IV, ou seja, com diferenças no prognóstico e no desempenho motor.

Contributions of the Left and the Right Hemispheres on Language-Induced Grip Force Modulation of the Left Hand in Unimanual Tasks.

Background andObjectives: Language-induced grip force modulation (LGFM) can be used to better understand the link between language and motor functions as an expression of embodied language. However, the contribution of each brain hemisphere to LGFM is still unclear. Using six different action verbs as stimuli, this study evaluated the grip force modulation of the left hand in a unimanual task to characterize the left and right hemispheres' contributions. Materials and Methods: Left-hand LGFM of 20 healthy and consistently right-handed subjects was evaluated using the verbs "to write", "to hold", "to pull" (left-lateralized central processing actions), "to draw", "to tie", and "to drive" (bihemispheric central processing actions) as linguistic stimuli. The time between the word onset and the first interval of statistical significance regarding the baseline (here as reaction time, RT) was also measured. Results: The six verbs produced LGFM. The modulation intensity was similar for the six verbs, but the RT was variable. The verbs "to draw", "to tie", and "to drive", whose central processing of the described action is bihemispheric, showed a longer RT compared to the other verbs. Conclusions: The possibility of a given manual action being performed by the left hand in consistent right-handers does not interfere with the occurrence of LGFM when the descriptor verb of this action is used as a linguistic stimulus, even if the possibility is remote. Therefore, LGFM seems to mainly rely on the left hemisphere, while a greater activation of the right hemisphere in action processing appears to slow the increase in LGFM intensity.

Mudança na biomecânica da postura sentada afeta a função pulmonar / Alteración en la biomecánica de la postura sentada afecta la función pulmonar / Change in biomechanics of sitting posture affects the pulmonary function

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar as posturas induzidas por dois sistemas diferentes de cadeira-mesa e analisar seus efeitos na função pulmonar. Trata-se de estudo transversal, descritivo, do tipo sujeito único e intrasséries (A-B, B-A), com coleta em dias consecutivos. Participaram da pesquisa 15 voluntárias e foram utilizados dois sistemas cadeira-mesa: convencional (A) e experimental (B). A postura foi avaliada por meio de fotogrametria em cada um dos sistemas, com imagens analisadas por meio do programa AutoCAD® 2010. Posteriormente, foram calculados os ângulos articulares da postura média das participantes em cada sistema. Os dados posturais e respiratórios foram comparados considerando as diferentes posições adotadas. O sistema cadeira-mesa convencional promoveu dois diferentes padrões posturais: um deles apresentou ângulos articulares similares aos do sistema experimental, com resultados de espirometria semelhantes, e o outro padrão apresentou ângulos corporais de acordo com os padrões esperados com valores de espirometria significativamente inferiores em VEF1, VEF1/CVF e FEFmáx. O sistema experimental diferiu de valores de espirometria da postura ortostática relatados na literatura somente em FEFmáx, sugerindo similaridade de condição postural. Conclui-se que o mobiliário experimental melhorou a função respiratória na postura sentada em comparação com o mobiliário tradicional, podendo beneficiar pessoas em condições especiais, como gestantes, obesos e pessoas com doenças pulmonares crônicas.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las posturas inducidas por dos sistemas diferentes de silla-mesa y analizar sus efectos sobre la función pulmonar. Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo, de tipo de un solo sujeto e intraseries (A-B, B-A), con recolección en días consecutivos. Quince voluntarios participaron en el estudio, y se utilizaron dos sistemas de silla-mesa: convencional (A) y experimental (B). La evaluación postural se realizó mediante fotogrametría en cada uno de los sistemas, con imágenes analizadas por medio del programa AutoCAD® 2010. Posteriormente, se calcularon los ángulos de articulación de la postura media de las participantes en cada sistema. Los datos posturales y respiratorios se compararon considerando las diferentes posiciones adoptadas. El sistema de silla-mesa convencional promovió dos patrones posturales diferentes: uno presentó ángulos de articulación similares al sistema experimental, con resultados de espirometría similares, y el otro estándar presentó ángulos corporales de acuerdo con los patrones esperados con resultados de espirometría significativamente más bajos en VEF1, VEF1/CVF y FEFmax. El sistema experimental difería de los valores de espirometría de la postura ortostática informados en la literatura solo en FEFmax, lo que sugiere una similitud de la condición postural. Se concluyó que los muebles experimentales pueden mejorar la función respiratoria en la posición sentada cuando se comparaban con los muebles tradicionales, y pueden beneficiar a personas en condiciones especiales, como mujeres embarazadas, personas obesas y personas con enfermedades pulmonares crónicas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize the postures induced by two different chair-desk systems and analyze their effects on lung function. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study of single subject with intra-series type analysis (A-B, B-A) during consecutive days of data collection. Fifteen volunteers participated using two chair-desk systems: conventional (A) and experimental (B). Postural evaluation was performed in both systems using photogrammetry. These images were analyzed using AutoCAD® 2010, estimating the average position of the joint angles of individuals in each system. These values were analyzed verifying the averages in each posture. Postural and respiratory data were compared by checking whether the different positions adopted by the participants resulted in changes in the spirometry values. Conventional chair-desk system promoted two different postural patterns, considering that one presented joint angles similar to experimental system, with similar spirometry results and the other presented body angles according to the reference of standards and spirometry results significantly lower in FEV1, FEV1/FVC and FEFmax. Experimental system differed from values of literature in standing posture only in FEFmax, suggesting similarity of postural situation. It was concluded that the experimental furniture proved a tool capable of benefiting respiratory function in sitting posture and may be an option to benefit people in special conditions such as pregnant women, obese individuals and people with chronic pulmonary diseases.

Analysis of Different Device Interactions in a Virtual Reality Task in Individuals With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

There is a need to support individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) to achieve optimal functionality in everyday life and with meaningful tasks and activities, throughout stages of the disease progression. Thus, technological developments have created an exciting opportunity for the use of affordable virtual reality (VR) systems with different kinds of interaction devices, providing an efficient and fun tool for enabling improvement in motor performance. Objective: To compare performance on a virtual task using interfaces with and without physical contact in order to identify functionality by using different devices in individuals with DMD. Methods: One hundred and twenty male individuals took part on this study: 60 with DMD with a mean age of 16 ± 5 (range 9-34 years old) and 60 without DMD in the control group (CG) matched by age. Participants were divided into three groups of 20 individuals each which performed a virtual task in three different interfaces: Kinect®, computer Touch Screen and Leap Motion®, in a cross over design in which all participants used all devices. Motor impairment in the DMD group was measured by using the Motor Function Measurement and Vignos scales. Results: All participants improved performance through practice, regardless of the interface used, although the DMD group had a continuous lower performance compared to the CG. In addition, the DMD group obtained a significant better performance with Leap Motion interface compared to the other interfaces, while the CG presented better performance on Touch Screen interface. Conclusion: Leap Motion provided better performance for individuals with DMD due to enablement of distal muscle function and ease of instrument adjustment using the virtual interface. Therefore, this type of interface should be encouraged for promoting functionality on general tasks using computer systems. Clinical Trial register number: NCT02891434.

Responsiveness of the Gait Domain of the Functional Evaluation Scale for Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

AIM: To determine the responsiveness of functional gait assessment of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). METHOD: A total of 160 films of 32 children (mean age: 9.5 ± 2.7) with DMD were scored by the gait domain of the Functional Evaluation Scale - DMD. Children were recorded every 3 months for 1 year (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months). Responsiveness was analyzed by the effect sizes (ES) and standardized response means (SRM). RESULTS: Responsiveness was low to moderate at the 3-month interval (ES 0.12 to 0.34; SRM 0.27 to 0.80); low to high at the 6-month interval (ES 0.36 to 0.72; SRM 0.37 to 1.10); moderate to high at the 9-month interval (ES 0.70 to 1.0; SRM 0.50 to 1.43), and it was high at the 12-month interval (ES 0.74 to 1.34; SRM 0.88 to 1.53). CONCLUSION: Functional gait assessment of children with DMD was responsive since 3-month intervals. Responsiveness increased as reassessment intervals got longer. The highest responsiveness was observed when children were reevaluated after 12 months. The use of the gait domain of the Functional Evaluation Scale - DMD is recommended in 6- to 12-month intervals, which showed moderate to high responsiveness.

O uso de filme didático como recurso no ensino-aprendizagem da técnica de massagem miofascial / El cine como recurso didáctico en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la técnica de masaje miofascial / Use of didactic movies as resource to teach-learning of the myofascial massage technique

RESUMO Avaliou-se o efeito de demonstrações e instruções usando filme como complemento no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de habilidades técnicas de massagem miofascial (MM). Trata-se de um estudo experimental, duplo-cego com a participação de uma fisioterapeuta professora e 60 fisioterapeutas que realizaram o curso de MM (cegos ao objetivo do estudo). O curso teve duração de 15 aulas, utilizando o livro Massoterapia clínica e aulas expositivas para o grupo A (n=30). O mesmo material e um filme didático foram propostos para o grupo B (n=30). O livro descreve e ilustra as manobras e o filme as demonstra de modo prático. Ao final do curso foi realizada avaliação por filmagem de simulação de tratamento, e repetida após dois meses para verificar a retenção. Os participantes responderam a um questionário sobre satisfação com o curso. As filmagens foram avaliadas por dois fisioterapeutas. Foram avaliados: pressão realizada, posicionamento do paciente, posicionamento do fisioterapeuta, número de manobras por músculo, localização, direção e sentido das manobras, número de repetições das manobras, segmento da mão utilizado. Cada item foi pontuado como: 1=Técnica totalmente inadequada, 2=Técnica com grande falha, 3=Técnica com pequena falha, 4=Técnica satisfatória, 5=Técnica completamente adequada. A análise de correlação intraclasse confirmou confiabilidade dos dados e mostrou diferenças entre grupos na habilidade de aplicação de MM, com melhor aprendizado e retenção pelo grupo B (p<0,05). Além disso, a utilização de filme diminuiu a duração das aulas em um terço. Concluiu-se que as instruções em filme complementaram recursos tradicionais com vantagens para o aprendizado e retenção.

RESUMEN Se evaluó el resultado de las manifestaciones y las instrucciones utilizándose una película como un complemento en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de técnicas de masaje miofascial (MM). Se trata de un estudio experimental a doble ciego, del cual participaron una fisioterapeuta docente y 60 fisioterapeutas, que frecuentaron el curso de MM (a ciegas desde el objetivo del estudio). El curso duró 15 clases, en el cual se utilizó el libro Masoterapia clínica y las clases expositivas impartidas al grupo A (n=30). El mismo material y una película didáctica fueron utilizados por el grupo B (n=30). Mientras el libro describía e ilustraba los procedimientos, la película los demostraba en la práctica. Como evaluación al final del curso se realizó la grabación de una simulación de tratamiento, y después de dos meses se la hizo nuevamente para verificar la retención de los contenidos. Los participantes respondieron a un cuestionario sobre la satisfacción con el curso. Las grabaciones fueron evaluadas por dos fisioterapeutas. Se evaluaron: la presión sostenida, la posición del paciente, la posición del fisioterapeuta, el número de procedimientos por músculo, la ubicación, la dirección y sentido de los procedimientos, el número de repeticiones de los mismos, la mano utilizada. Se valoró cada ítem como: 1=Técnica totalmente inadecuada; 2=Técnica con gran error; 3=Técnica con mínimo error; 4=Técnica satisfactoria; 5=Técnica totalmente adecuada. El análisis de la correlación intraclase comprobó la fiabilidad de los datos y reveló diferencias entre los grupos en cuanto a la habilidad de aplicar MM, con un mejor aprendizaje y retención en el grupo B (p<0,05). Además, la utilización de la película redujo la duración de las clases en un tercio. Se concluyó que las instrucciones en la película complementaron los recursos tradicionales promoviendo ventajas al aprendizaje y retención de los contenidos.

ABSTRACT The effect of demonstrations and instructions using a movie as complement in the teaching-learning process of technical skills of myofascial massage was evaluated (MM). This is an experimental, double-blind study, with the participation of a physical therapist professor and 60 physical therapists who took the MM course (blind to the objective of the study). The course lasted for 15 classes, using the Massoterapia Clínica book and lectures for group A (n=30). The same material and a didactic movie were proposed for group B (n=30). The book describes and illustrates the maneuvers and the movie demonstrates them in a practical way. At the end of the course, a treatment simulation was filmed and evaluated, then repeated after two months to verify retention. Participants answered a questionnaire on their satisfaction with the course. The footage was assessed by two physical therapists. The aspects evaluated were: pressure, patient positioning, physical therapist positioning, number of maneuvers per muscle, location, direction of the maneuvers, number of repetitions of the maneuvers and the hand segment used. Each item was scored as 1: Totally inadequate technique; 2: Technique with great failure; 3: Technique with small failure; 4: Satisfactory technique; and 5: Completely adequate technique. Results: Intraclass correlation analysis confirmed data reliability and showed differences between groups in the ability of applying MM, with better learning and retention by group B (p<0.05). In addition, the use of a movie reduced the duration of classes by one-third. It was concluded that the movie instructions completed traditional resources with advantages for learning and retention.

Influence of severity of traumatic brain injury at hospital admission on clinical outcomes / Influência da gravidade do traumatismo cranioencefálico na admissão hospitalar na evolução clínica / Influencia de la gravedad del traumatismo craneoencefálico en la admisión hospitalaria en la evolución clínica

ABSTRACT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health problem with high mortality and socioeconomic repercussions. We aimed to investigate the influence of TBI severity on the length of mechanical ventilation (MV) stay and length of hospital stay and on the prevalence of tracheostomy, pneumonia, neurosurgery and death. This retrospective, observational study evaluated medical records of 67 patients with TBI admitted to Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo. Severity was determined according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): mild (13-15 points; 36 patients; 53.7%), moderate (9-12 points; 14 patients; 20.9%) or severe (3-8 points; 17 patients; 25.4%). Severe TBI patients had higher prevalence of tracheostomy, pneumonia and neurosurgery. No significant differences were observed between TBI severity, mortality and length of MV stay. However, TBI severity influenced the length of hospital stay. TBI severity at admission, evaluated according to the GCS, influenced the prevalence of tracheostomy, pneumonia, neurosurgery and was associated to prolonged hospital stay.

RESUMO O traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) é um problema de saúde pública com muitos casos de mortalidade e repercussões socioeconômicas. Este estudo visa investigar a influência da gravidade do TCE no tempo de ventilação mecânica (VM) e hospitalização, e na prevalência de casos de traqueostomia, pneumonia, neurocirurgia e morte. É um estudo retrospectivo e observacional, que avaliou prontuários de 67 pacientes com TCE na Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo. A gravidade foi avaliada pela escala de Glasgow (ECG): leve (13-15 pontos; 36 pacientes; 53.7%); moderado (9-12 pontos; 14 pacientes; 20.9%); ou grave (3-8 pontos; 17 pacientes; 25.4%). Pacientes com TCE grave apresentaram maior prevalência de traqueostomia, pneumonia e neurocirurgia. Não houve diferença significativa entre gravidade do TCE, óbito e tempo em VM, apesar de a gravidade do TCE ter influenciado o tempo de hospitalização. A gravidade do TCE na admissão, avaliada pela ECG, influenciou a prevalência de traqueostomia, pneumonia, neurocirurgia e de maiores tempos de internação.

RESUMEN El traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) es un problema de salud pública con alta mortalidad y repercusiones socioeconómicas. Este estudio ha tenido el objetivo de investigar la influencia de la gravedad del TCE en el tiempo de ventilación mecánica (VM) y de hospitalización y en la prevalencia de traqueotomía, neumonía, neurocirugía y mortalidad. Este estudio retrospectivo, observacional ha evaluado historias clínicas de 67 pacientes con TCE admitidos en Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo. La gravedad ha sido evaluada por la escala de Glasgow (ECG): leve (13-15 puntos; 36 pacientes; el 53,7%), moderado (9-12 puntos; 14 pacientes; el 20,9%) o grave (3-8 puntos; 17 pacientes; el 25,4%). Pacientes con TCE grave han presentado prevalencia más grande de traqueotomía, neumonía y neurocirugía. No ha habido diferencia significativa entre la gravedad del TCE, la mortalidad y el tiempo en VM; mientras tanto, la gravedad del TCE ha influenciado el tiempo de hospitalización. La gravedad del TCE en la admisión, que ha sido evaluada por la ECG, ha influenciado la prevalencia de traqueotomía, neumonía, neurocirugía y ha sido asociada la internación prolongada.

Manual action verbs modulate the grip force of each hand in unimanual or symmetrical bimanual tasks.

Manual action verbs modulate the right-hand grip force in right-handed subjects. However, to our knowledge, no studies demonstrate the ability to accomplish this modulation during bimanual tasks nor describe their effect on left-hand behavior in unimanual and bimanual tasks. Using load cells and word playlists, we evaluated the occurrence of grip force modulation by manual action verbs in unimanual and symmetrical bimanual tasks across the three auditory processing phases. We found a significant grip force increase for all conditions compared to baseline, indicating the occurrence of modulation. When compared to each other, the grip force variation from baseline for the three phases of both hands in the symmetrical bimanual task was not different from the right-hand in the unimanual task. The left-hand grip force showed a lower amplitude for auditory phases 1 and 2 when compared to the other conditions. The right-hand grip force modulation became significant from baseline at 220 ms after the word onset in the unimanual task. This moment occurred earlier for both hands in bimanual task (160 ms for the right-hand and 180 for the left-hand). It occurred later for the left-hand in unimanual task (320 ms). We discuss the hypothesis that Broca's area and Broca's homologue area likely control the left-hand modulation in a unilateral or a bilateral fashion. These results provide new evidence for understanding the linguistic function processing in both hemispheres.

Reliability, validity and description of timed performance of the Jebsen-Taylor Test in patients with muscular dystrophies.

BACKGROUND: The Jebsen-Taylor Test evaluates upper limb function by measuring timed performance on everyday activities. The test is used to assess and monitor the progression of patients with Parkinson disease, cerebral palsy, stroke and brain injury. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the reliability, internal consistency and validity of the Jebsen-Taylor Test in people with Muscular Dystrophy and to describe and classify upper limb timed performance of people with Muscular Dystrophy. METHODS: Fifty patients with Muscular Dystrophy were assessed. Non-dominant and dominant upper limb performances on the Jebsen-Taylor Test were filmed. Two raters evaluated timed performance for inter-rater reliability analysis. Test-retest reliability was investigated by using intraclass correlation coefficients. Internal consistency was assessed using the Cronbach alpha. Construct validity was conducted by comparing the Jebsen-Taylor Test with the Performance of Upper Limb. RESULTS: The internal consistency of Jebsen-Taylor Test was good (Cronbach's α=0.98). A very high inter-rater reliability (0.903-0.999), except for writing with an Intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.772-1.000. Strong correlations between the Jebsen-Taylor Test and the Performance of Upper Limb Module were found (rho=-0.712). CONCLUSION: The Jebsen-Taylor Test is a reliable and valid measure of timed performance for people with Muscular Dystrophy.

Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: 1-Year Locomotor Changes in Relation to a Control Group.

We compared the timed performance and compensatory movements of 32 boys (mean age = 10.0 years) with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 38 healthy boys (mean age = 9.2 years) on 10 -meter walking and four-step stair work (climbing and descending). Dependent measures were digital scores on the Functional Evaluation Scale for DMD obtained by watching the boys on film. Groups were compared initially and after 6 and 12 months, using General Linear Models analysis (for two groups and three assessments). Results showed no significant timed performance differences between groups on 10 -m walking at the initial assessment; but boys with DMD showed longer times after 6 and 12 months, and boys with DMD engaged in more compensatory movements while walking. For stair climbing, boys with DMD were significantly slower than healthy controls when both climbing and descending steps in all assessments.

Educational status influences cognitive-motor learning in older adults: going to university provides greater protection against aging than going to high school.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if middle-aged and older adults with a higher education would differ from those with an average education in cognitive-motor tasks involving lower limb function. METHODS: A walking version of the Trail Making Test (Walking Executive Function Task, [WEFT]) was used. Eighty volunteers (40: 50-65 years; 40: 66-80 years) were subdivided into average (6-11years of education) and higher education (12-17 years). They received two training sessions (session 1: eight repetitions, session 2: four repetitions), with a one week-interval between them. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was performed before and after the training. RESULTS: Volunteers with an average education showed longer times on the WEFT than those with a higher education. Older adults showed lower retention than middle-aged adults (p < 0.001). The TUG was faster after the WEFT training (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The impact of education was observed when locomotion was associated with cognitive tasks. Average education resulted in poorer performance and learning than higher education, mainly in older adults. Gait speed increased after training.

Avaliação interdisciplinar da diadococinesia: um estudo piloto / Evaluación interdisciplinaria de la diadococinesia: un estudio piloto / Interdisciplinary diadochokinesis assessment: a pilot study

RESUMO Diadococinesia é a capacidade de executar movimentos rápidos, repetidos e alternados. Testes de diadococinesia podem avaliar tanto a fala quanto os membros superiores. O objetivo primário foi apresentar um protocolo interdisciplinar de avaliação da diadococinesia. Os objetivos secundários foram comparar o desempenho com os diferentes fonemas do teste de diadococinesia oral (/papapa/, /tatata/, /kakaka/ e /pataka/), comparar o desempenho com as diferentes condições do teste de diadococinesia de membros superiores (realizado com ambos os membros superiores de forma espelhada, apenas com o membro superior direito, apenas com o membro superior esquerdo, com ambos os membros superiores de forma alternada) e investigar possíveis relações entre diadococinesia oral e de membros superiores. Participaram quinze adultos/idosos saudáveis de 40 a 70 anos. Os dados foram representados por estatística descritiva. Os números de sílabas nas condições /papapa/, /tatata/, /kakaka/ e /pataka/ e os números de movimentos nas condições espelhado, direito, esquerdo e alternado foram comparados por ANOVA e correlacionados pelo teste de Pearson. Não houve diferença significativa nos resultados entre os fonemas do teste de diadococinesia oral (p<0,001). Houve diferença entre as condições avaliadas no teste de diadococinesia dos membros superiores (p<0,001). O número de fonemas repetidos esteve correlacionado com o desempenho alternado de membros superiores. Concluiu-se que a correlação entre os escores dos testes de diadococinesia oral e de membros superiores pode ser explicada pelo fato de a programação motora e a linguagem estarem predominantemente representadas no hemisfério esquerdo. Áreas cerebrais comuns/conectadas ou programas motores em comum podem nortear essas tarefas.

RESUMEN Diócocinesia es la capacidad de realizar movimientos rápidos, repetidos y alternados. Las pruebas de diadococinesia pueden evaluar tanto el habla como los miembros superiores. El objetivo primario ha sido presentar un protocolo interdisciplinario de evaluación de la diadococinesia. Los objetivos secundarios han sido comparar el rendimiento con los diferentes fonemas de la prueba de diadococinesia oral (/papapa/, /tatata/, /kakaka/ y /pataka/), comparar el rendimiento con las diferentes condiciones de la prueba de diadococinesia de miembros superiores (realizado con ambos miembros superiores de forma reflejada, sólo con el miembro superior derecho, sólo con el miembro superior izquierdo, con ambos los miembros superiores de forma alternada) e investigar posibles relaciones entre diadococinesia oral y de miembros superiores. Participaron quince adultos/ancianos sanos de 40 a 70 años. Se representaron los datos por estadística descriptiva. Los números de sílabas en las condiciones /papapa/, /tatata/, /kakaka/ y /pataka/ y los números de movimientos en las condiciones reflejada, derecha, izquierda y alternada han se comparado por ANOVA y se correlacionado por la prueba de Pearson. No hubo diferencia significativa en los resultados entre los fonemas de la prueba de diadococinesia oral (p<0.001). Se observó diferencia entre las condiciones evaluadas en la prueba de diadococinesia de los miembros superiores (p<0.001). El número de fonemas repetidos estuvo correlacionado con el rendimiento alternado de miembros superiores. Se concluyó que la correlación entre los escores de las pruebas de diadococinesia oral y de miembros superiores puede ser explicada por el hecho de que la programación motora y el lenguaje están predominantemente representadas en el hemisferio izquierdo. Las áreas cerebrales comunes/conectadas o programas motores en común pueden guiar esas tareas.

ABSTRACT Diadochokinesis is the ability to perform fast, repeated and alternate movements. Diadochokinesis tests can assess both speech and upper extremities. The primary objective was to present an interdisciplinary diadochokinesis assessment protocol. The secondary objectives were to compare the performance with different phonemes of the oral diadochokinesis test (/papapa/, /tatata/, /kakaka/ and /pataka/); to compare the performance with different conditions of the upper extremities diadochokinesis test (conducted with both upper extremities in a mirrored manner, only with the right upper extremity, only with the left upper extremity, with both upper extremities in an alternately manner); and to investigate possible relationships between oral and upper extremities diadochokinesis. A total of fifteen healthy adults/seniors from 40 to 70 years old participated. Data were represented by descriptive statistics. The syllable numbers in /papapa/, /tatata/, /kakaka/ and /pataka/ conditions and the numbers of movements in mirrored, right, left and alternated conditions were compared by ANOVA and correlated by Pearson test. There was no significant difference in results between the phonemes of oral diadochokinesis test (p<0.001). There was difference between the conditions assessed in the upper extremities diadochokinesis test (p<0.001). The number of repeated phonemes was correlated with the alternate performance of upper extremities. We concluded that the correlation between scores of oral and upper extremities diadochokinesis tests can be explained by the fact that motor and language programs are predominantly represented in the left hemisphere. Common/connected brain areas or motor programs in common can guide these tasks.

Desenvolvimento de um programa de promoção da saúde para trabalhadores administrativos / Development of a health-enhancement program for managers

Este estudo objetivou aplicar um programa educacional e intervencional de fisioterapia visando melhorias na qualidade de vida de funcionários administrativos. Participou do estudo um grupo de 13 funcionários, avaliados pelo questionário SF-36, pelo o índice de incapacidade de Oswestry e pelo acompanhamento do desempenho durante as atividades físicas. O protocolo de intervenção foi composto por atividades físicas, aulas ministradas por profissionais da saúde e atividades sociais-recreacionais, que ocorreram ao longo de dois meses. Também foram realizadas orientações ergonômicas de posto de trabalho, de forma individualizada. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do programa GraphPadPrism®. Foi encontrada diferença significativa (p=0,03) entre a pontuação inicial média obtida no SF-36, com melhorias pronunciadas nos domínios "Vitalidade" (p<0,01) e "Aspectos sociais" (p=0,05). O programa de promoção de saúde incrementou a qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores, com desenvolvimento de qualidades físicas e aspectos sociais. A orientação profissional foi fundamental neste processo. O programa possibilitou maior conhecimento sobre saúde e incentivo à prática de atividades físicas.

An educational and interventional program in physiotherapy was applied to thirteen managers to improve their life quality. They were evaluated by Questionnaire SF-36, Oswestry Disability Index and by follow-up of performance during physical activities. Intervention protocol comprised physical activities, lectures by health professionals and social-recreational activities, throughout two months. Individual ergonomic guidelines on work were also undertaken. Statistical analysis was done with GraphPadPrism®. There was significant difference (p=0.03) between initial mean scores by SF-36, with great improvements in domains "Vitality" (p<0.01) and "Social Aspects" (p=0.05). Health enhancement program increased life quality of the workers, with the development of physical qualities and social aspects. Professional orientation was basic in the process. The program provided information on health and incentives for physical activities.